HYPERBOLE

HYPERBOLA

The hyperbola is centered on a point (h, k), which is the "center" of the hyperbola. The point on each branch closest to the center is that branch's "vertex". The vertices are some fixed distance a from the center. The line going from one vertex, through the center, and ending at the other vertex is called the "transverse" axis. The "foci" of an hyperbola are "inside" each branch, and each focus is located some fixed distance c from the center. (This means that a < c for hyperbolas.) The values of a and c will vary from one hyperbola to another, but they will be fixed values for any given hyperbola.

Did you know that the orbit of a spacecraft can sometimes be a hyperbola?

A spacecraft can use the gravity of a planet to alter its path and propel it at high speed away from the planet and back out into space using a technique called "gravitational slingshot".

If this happens, then the path of the spacecraft is a hyperbola.

 

Definition

A hyperbola is a curve where the distances of any point from:

• a fixed point (the focus), and
• a fixed straight line (the directrix) are always in the same ratio.

This ratio is called the ecentricity, and for a hyperbola it is always greater than 1.

The hyperbola is an open curve (has no ends).

But that isn't the full story! Because a hyperbola is actually two separate curves in mirror image like this:

On the diagram you can see:

• a directrix and a focus (one on each side)
• an axis of symmetry (that goes through each focus, at right angles to the directrix)
• two vertices (where each curve makes its sharpest turn)

The "asymptotes" (shown on the diagram) are not part of the hyperbola, but show where the curve would go if continued indefinitely in each of the four directions.

And, strictly speaking, there is also another axis of symmetry that reflects the two separate curves of the hyperbola.

Conic Section You can also get a hyperbola when you slice through a cone. The slice must be steeper than that for a parabola, but does not have to be parallel to the cone's axis for the hyperbola to be symmetrical. So the hyperbola is a conic cection (a section of a cone).

Equation

By placing a hyperbola on an x-y graph (centered over the x-axis and y-axis), the equation of the curve is:

x²/a² − y²/b² = 1

Also: One vertex is at (a, 0), and the other is at (−a, 0) The asymptotes are the straight lines: y = (b/a)x y = −(b/a)x And the equation is also similar to the equation of the ellipse: x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1, except for a "−" instead of a "+")

Eccentricity

We already mentioned the eccentricity  (usually shown as the letter e), it shows how "uncurvy" (varying from being a circle) the hyperbola is.

On this diagram:

• P is a point on the curve,
• F is the focus and
• N is the point on the directrix so that PN is perpendicular to the directrix.

The ratio PF/PN is the eccentricity of the hyperbola (for a hyperbola the eccentricity is always greater than 1).

It can also given by the formula:

e =

Using "a" and "b" from the diagram above. 

Latus Rectum

The Latus Rectum is the line through the focus and parallel to the directrix. The length of the Latus Rectum is 2b2/a.

reference

http://www.purplemath.com/modules/hyperbola.htm

http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/hyperbola.html

COLLOCATION

COLLOCATION

What is collocation?

Collocation refers to a group of two or more words that usually go together. A good way to think of collocation is to look at the word collocation. Co - meaning together - location - meaning place. Collocation are words that are located together. A good answer to "What is collocation?" is: Collocation is a group of two or more words that like to hang out together. Here are some examples of common collocations that you might know:

make tea - I made a cup of tea for lunch.
do homework - I did all of my homework yesterday.

so (Make and Do)  A Good Starting Place for Collocation

Why Do Words Collocate?

There is often no reason for a collocation. People just put certain words together more often than they put other words together. In fact, the use of collocations has become popular in English and language teaching because of corpus linguistics. Corpus linguistics study huge volumes of data of spoken and written English to come up with statistics on how often people use certain words and word combinations. Through this study, corpus linguistics has been able to define what are strong and weak collocations.

Strong Collocations 

 Strong Collocations refer to words that almost always go together. It's possible that people might understand you if you don't use a strong collocation. However, if you do not use a strong collocation it will sound funny to native speakers. Let's return to our example of 'make' and 'do'. If you say:

I did a cup of coffee.

native speakers will understand that you mean:

I made a cup of coffee.

Correct use of strong collocations shows an excellent command of the English language, and can certainly help impress native speakers of your ability to speak English well. Of course, if you are speaking to other non-native speakers the ability to use collocations correctly all the time becomes less important. That doesn't mean that correct collocation use is not important, it's just not AS important as something like correct tense. Image for a moment that you are speaking about a future meeting:

Our meeting was on Friday at four o'clock.
I've done an appointment at four o'clock for the meeting room on Friday.

In both of these sentences, there are mistakes. However, in the first sentence instead of using a future tense, the past tense is used. If you want your colleagues to come to the meeting, this mistake is very serious and will lead to no one coming to the meeting.

In the second sentence 'do an appointment' is a misuse of a strong collocation. However, the meaning is clear: You have scheduled a room at four o'clock. In this case, a mistake in collocations is not nearly as important as a mistake in tense usage.

Here are examples of strong collocations that you might not be familiar with:

high earnings (not big earnings)
long-range planning (not long-time planning)
urban guerrilla (not city guerrilla)

More information, lists and learning materials on Strong Collocations

Why learn collocations?

•  Learning collocations is important because you begin to learn words in larger groups or 'chunks' of language. Putting together these chunks of language leads to more fluent English.
•  Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.
• You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.
• It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.

how to learn collocations

• Be aware of collocations, and try to recognize them when you see or hear them.
• Treat collocations as single blocks of language. Think of them as individual blocks or chunks, and learn strongly support, not strongly + support.
• When you learn a new word, write down other words that collocate with it (remember rightly, remember distinctly, remember vaguely, remember vividly).
• Read as much as possible. Reading is an excellent way to learn vocabulary and collocations in context and naturally.
• Revise what you learn regularly. Practise using new collocations in context as soon as possible after learning them.
• Learn collocations in groups that work for you. You could learn them by topic (time, number, weather, money, family) or by a particular word (take action, take a chance, take an exam).
• You can find information on collocations in any good learner's dictionary. And you can also find specialized dictionaries of collocations

Types of collocation

There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:

• adverb + adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)
• adjective + noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy)
• noun + noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)
• noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout)
• verb + noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)
• verb + expression with preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)
• verb + adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishl 

conclusion

A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together in English. Thnk of collocations as words that usually go together. There are different kinds of collocations in English. Strong collocations are word pairings that are expected to come together. Good collocation examples of this type of word pairing are combinations with 'make' and 'do'. You make a cup of tea, but do your homework. Collocations are very common in business settings when certain nouns are routinely combined with certain verbs or adjectives.

reference

http://esl.about.com/od/intermediate-collocations/f/What-Is-Collocation.htm

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.htm

http://esl.about.com/od/intermediate-collocations/f/What-Is-Collocation.htm

SYNONYM, ANTONYM, AND HYPONYM

 SYNONYM, ANTONYM, AND HYPONYM

     

Synonym

     Etymologically, the word is synonymous comes from the ancient Greek, ie onoma meaning 'name' and syn which means 'with'. The word literally means the synonym 'another name for the object or the same thing'. So synonymous is a form of language whose meaning is similar or the same as other forms of language. This synonym relationships occur in both directions. A word synonymous with other words when the words are interchangeable in their meanings in the same sentence. For example, the word pretty synonymous with the word beautiful. Instead, the beautiful words synonymous with the word beautiful.

example:

Motor was bought on credit.
Synonyms are words credit installment / installments.
Mount Bromo eruption calamity befall the people of Probolinggo.
Synonym for disaster is a disaster.
Synonyms Synonym is a word that has a different shape, but has a meaning or definition of the same or similar. Synonym can be called also with synonyms or synonym.

examples animal = fauna
               false = false
               thirsty = thirst
               clothes = clothes
               meet = meet
               bad = ugly
               flowers = flower
               death = death
               view = glance 

Antonym 

    Antonym is a word that means the opposite meaning.

Example: The eldest son Mr James had graduated from college.
Opponents said the eldest was the youngest.
Motorcycles sped Fast
Opponents Hotword is Slow

Various antonyms: 

A. antonym Twins
B. antonyms Compound
C. antonym Gradual

A) Twins antonyms, words of opposite meaning, limited to only two elements alone.
example: 

  virgin : girl 

  male : female 

  much : close

B) Compound antonyms, struggling as the meaning of a few words.
example:  red : is not a red (like: white, green, blue) 

C) Gradual antonyms, Resistance with levels of meaning.
example: 

 grease : rather plump 

 less : fat fat 

 not fat : fat 

Hyponym

    Is the state or phenomenon that shows  the relationship  between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.

example:
The lexical representation of: red, yellow, green, blue, purple, black is ( color ).

Thus we can say that: " red " is  a hyponym of " color " and so on.
Examples:
clarinet, guitar, piano, trumpet, violin, are hyponyms because they are " musical instruments " but there is not a single word meaning  " musical instrument " that has these  words as its hyponyms .

Conclusion 

 synonymous comes from the ancient Greek, ie onoma meaning 'name' and syn which means 'with'. The word literally means the synonym 'another name for the object or the same thing'. So synonymous is a form of language whose meaning is similar or the same as other forms of language. This synonym relationships occur in both directions. A word synonymous with other words when the words are interchangeable in their meanings in the same sentence. For example, the word pretty synonymous with the word beautiful. Instead, the beautiful words synonymous with the word beautiful.

  Antonym is a word that means the opposite meaning and Is the state or phenomenon that shows  the relationship  between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.

 

reference

http://jaibnajhan.blogspot.co.id/2012/11/pengertian-polisemisinonim-dan-antonim.html

http://www.pengertianahli.com/2015/04/sinonim-pengertian-dan-contoh-sinonim.html 

http://fikrismkn1cjr.blogspot.co.id/2013/02/pengertian-antonim-dan-contohnya.html 
http://conceptsinsemantics.weebly.com/synonym-antonym-hyponym.html

METAPHOR

METAPHOR

Metaphor definition

      Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

common Speech Examples of Metaphors
     Most of us think of a metaphor as a device used in song or poems only, and that it has nothing to do with our everyday life. In fact, all of us in our routine life speak, write and think in metaphors. We cannot avoid them. Metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common language. They are called conventional metaphors. Calling a person a “night owl” or an “early bird” or saying “life is a journey” are common conventional metaphor examples commonly heard and understood by most of us. Below are some more conventional metaphors we often hear in our daily life:
My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)
It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)
The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)
Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

Literary Metaphor Examples
    Metaphors are used in all type of literature but not often to the degree they are used in poetry because poems are meant to communicate complex images and feelings to the readers and metaphors often state the comparisons most emotively. Here are some examples of metaphor from famous poems.

example:
I needed something to go that extra mile, and I found it in that metaphor which I had learned from my mother when I was four.
The third side helps us go to the balcony, which is a metaphor for a place of perspective, where we can keep our eyes on the prize.
This goes back to the Scholastics and to the Ancients -- that all things can be understood on four levels: the literal, the metaphoric or poetic level, the political or ethical level.
 Kid-Friendly Metaphors
    Check out these examples of metaphors. Look for the comparison being made:

The snow is a white blanket.  The hospital was a refrigerator. The classroom was a zoo. America is a melting pot.   Her lovely voice was music to his ears.  Life is a roller coaster.   The alligator’s teeth are white daggers.   Their home was a prison.  The slide on the playground was a hot stove. His heart is a cold iron. She is a peacock. He is a shining star.  Time is money. My teacher is a dragon. Tom’s eyes were ice. The detective’s face was wood as he listened to her story. She feels that life is a fashion show. The world is a stage. My kid’s room is a disaster area. The children were flowers grown in concrete gardens. Kisses are the flowers of affection. His words were cotton candy.


 Functions
    From the above arguments, explanations and examples, we can easily infer the function of metaphors; both in our daily lives and in a piece of literature. Using appropriate metaphors appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers, sharpening their imaginations to comprehend what is being communicated to them. Moreover, it gives a life-like quality to our conversations and to the characters of the fiction or poetry. Metaphors are also ways of thinking, offering the listeners and the readers fresh ways of examining ideas and viewing the world.

Conclusion
Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics. devided into  common Speech Examples of Metaphors, Literary Metaphor Examples, and function.

reference
http://literarydevices.net/metaphor/
http://www.babla.co.id/bahasa-inggris-bahasa-indonesia/metaphor
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/metaphor-examples-for-kids.html