A. Definition Discourse
The word
discourse come from latin language “ discursus ‘ this word rrefers to the word of
the conversation or speech. We can also intepret discourse is an extension of
the language (especially oral ) wider than a sentence, or a coherent unit such
argument or narration.
According
to the dictionary of contemporary language, the word discourse has three
meaning. First a conversation; speech. Second both whole conversation as a
unity. Third the biggest language unit realization is a form of composition
intact.
Discourse
is the most complete language unit setences and gramatical unit are the highest
in the hierarchy of gramatical. As a unit of discourse has the most complete
language concepts, ideas, thoughts, or ideas that can be understood by the
reader and listener.
B. Definition Analysis
Analysis is the process
of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a
better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of
mathematics and logic since before Aristotle, though analysis as a
formal concept is a relatively recent development.
Conceptual Analysis’ by
Robert Hanna the theory of conceptual
analysis holds that concepts general
meanings of linguistic predicates are the fundamental objects of philosophical
inquiry, and that insights into conceptual contents are expressed in necessary
‘conceptual truths’ (analytic propositions).
Analysis
by Merriam-Webster's a careful study of
something to learn about its parts, what they do, and how they are related to
each other. an
explanation of the nature and meaning of something.
A systematice
xaminationand evaluation of data or information, by
breaking it into its component parts to
uncover their interrelationships. An
examination of data and facts to
uncover and understand cause-effect relationships, thus providing basis
for problem solving and decision making.
Have you
ever dissected a frog? If you did that just to cut it up, you would be guilty
of cruelty. One dissects a frog to learn how and why things inside the frog
work as they do. Why have two arteries here, not one? Generally, all analysis
gets beyond mere description and into examination and explanation.
The same
principles apply to essays. Consider these examples, from a hypothetical final
exam in the Core class:
Example 1: This quotation comes from Freud's Civilization and its Discontents.
Here, Freud implies that man will only be happy when living according to the
pleasure principle. The pleasure principle leads people to do or desire things
that bring them pleasure. Freud presents a good point here, and he uses many
examples throughout the text to support it.
Example 2: This quotation contains a central concept of Freud's psychology:
humans are driven by the pleasure principle and are most happy when fulfilling
its demands. As Freud notes elsewhere in the text, the ego and superego play
the roles of watchdogs, keeping the demands of the pleasure principle in check
through the moderating influences of experience (Freud's reality principle) and
morality. For Freud, this battle within the personality gets reflected in a
society. The society passes laws that limit our freedom, and therefore our
happiness, but encourage order and morality. Freud notes that the exchange of
happiness for security is, in the end, worthwhile and necessary to maintaining
a civilization.
Analysis
does not equal description (but can use description). The second example is
clearly stronger, since it "gets beneath the surface," going beyond describing ideas to examining
the relationship between ideas. The writer is clearly "present" in
the second example, showing the reader how Freud makes the leap from individual
to society. In the first case, the writer only tells us what Freud says, not how
or why Freud drew his conclusions.
Using Analysis
There are many sorts of
analysis. The ones given "stay within the text." Another possible
analysis might involve applying Freud's ideas to another text or a current
issue. Any analysis will
consider the data in enough depth, and with enough clarity, to convince the
reader, even one who disagrees with the writer's conclusions, that the analysis
has been made well.
C. Definition Discourse Analysis
Discourse
analysis is sometimes defined as the analysis of language 'beyond the
sentence'. This contrasts with types of analysis more typical of modern
linguistics, which are chiefly concerned with the study of grammar: the study
of smaller bits of language, such as sounds (phonetics and phonology), parts of
words (morphology), meaning (semantics), and the order of words in sentences
(syntax). Discourse analysts study larger chunks of language as they flow
together.
Discourse
is the study of the rules or patterns characterizing
units of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence.the study
of the rules governing appropriate language use in communicative situations.
Discourse
analysis is a new science emerged in recent decades. Previous streams
linguistic only restricts his analysis on the social sentence, but lately
linguistic then turned his attention on this analysis. So discourse analysis is
the study of the structure of a message in a communication or have regarding
various function ( pragmatic ) language.
According
Zellig Harris a man modern linguistic, discourse analysis is an instance of
linguistic applied. Discourse analysis related to the form of text or evalution
of discourse to determine the shape or pattern of communication and related
matters that can not be explained in grammar.
Discourse
analysis as a discipline that examines the relatioship between from and
function in verbal communation ( Renkema 2004:1 )
Brown
and Yule (1983:1) in his book describes
discourse analysis means an analysis of the language used.
Van Dijk
(1988:24) in his news as discourse which explain that discourse analysis is an
analysis of the language and the use of language with the goal of obtaining a
more explicit description and systematic about what is delivered.
Cook (
1992:1) add that in discourse analysis is not enough just to analyze the
element of language, but also take into account the contex of contructive
discourse.
Kesimpulan
Discourse
is the most complete language unit setences and gramatical unit are the highest
in the hierarchy of gramatical. As a unit of discourse has the most complete
language concepts, ideas, thoughts, or ideas that can be understood by the
reader and listener. Analysis is the process
of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a
better understanding of it.
Discourse
analysis is a new science emerged in recent decades. Previous streams
linguistic only restricts his analysis on the social sentence, but lately
linguistic then turned his attention on this analysis. So discourse analysis is
the study of the structure of a message in a communication or have regarding
various function ( pragmatic ) language.
Reference
