AMBIGU

AMBIGU

       Ambiguous or ambiguity is a form of construction which is interpreted to have more than one meaning. Therefore, the sentence is ambiguous sentence who has a double meaning.

       Based on the shape, ambiguous sentences are divided into three groups, namely:

1.  Phonetic ambiguity

     Is ambiguous phonetic ambiguity arising from the similarity of the sound - the sound of the spoken and usually occur in the dialogue or conversation a day. 

example:

Santika away from home without telling.
Ambiguous sentence above begs the question:

 a. Do Santi left without telling (from hard soybean meal) in advance?

 b. Do Santi away from home without saying goodbye?

2. Grammatical Ambiguity  

     Grammatical ambiguity occurs because the process of establishing a good grammatical formation of words, phrases, or sentences. Words - words or phrases that have keambiguitasan this type will be lost if entered into in the context of the sentence.

Example: Parents 

      The word has two meanings, namely the mother and father or older people. Therefore, to know the true meaning needs to be incorporated into a single sentence.

a. Parents Deni could not be here today.
b. I met an old man who yesterday lost in the streets.

3. Lexical Ambiguity 

    Ambiguous this type occurs because of the word itself. Basically, every word has a meaning more than one depending on the sentence that followed.

Example:
The word "run" has a different meaning, namely mengerjar something or away from something.
He ran after her school bus.
I run away from reality.

Factors - factors that cause ambiguous:

1. Factors Morphology 

    Ambiguous loss resulting from the formation of the word itself:

Example:
Candy was ingested by me.

a. The candy is accidentally swallowed, or
b. The candy can eventually swallowed.

2. Factors Syntax
    This factor occurs because the wording in sentences that are less obvious.

Example:
Bite the fingers

Ani can only bite the finger to see the desired item could not be obtained.
Ani bites her finger to bleed.
Said bite the fingers above has two meanings are desperate or really biting his finger.

3. Structural Factors
    Structural factors are the factors that cause keambiguitasan result of the structure of the sentence itself.

Example: 

Readings, new poetry held on Sunday. (The read new poems)
Poetry readings, only held on Sunday. (The Sunday read is poetry)

1. I read a history book new music.The above sentence raises the question - the question of whether his new book, a new history or a new musical.To avoid ambiguous in the sentence above, should have been writing is as follows:My reading of history-a new music (If his new book)I read a book about the history of the new-music (If history is new)I read a history book about the new music (if music was new)2. Automobile new employees are being repaired in the workshop.    The above sentence is still not clear whether the car is new or new employees.To avoid ambiguous in the sentence above, it should be written:Employees new cars being repaired in the workshop. (If the car is new)The new employee's car being repaired in the workshop. (If the new employees)3. Teacher Andre fat it can not come today.    The above sentence is still raises the question of whether teachers who are overweight or obese andrenya, so the writing should be as follows:Teacher-Andre fat it can not come today. (The teacher fat)Andre rotund teacher can not come today. (Andrenya fat)4. Contribution to the two schools that have been submitted.    The above sentence also raises keambiguitasan whether it is a contribution that the second time, donations were given to the two schools, or donations from two different schools.Therefore, to avoid keambiguitasan sentence above should be written as follows:a. Donations for the second time it has been sent. (If the contribution that both times)b. Donations for the two schools that have been submitted. (If donations to two schools)c. Donations both schools had been shipped. (If two schools are accounted for)     

 CLONCLUSION

       Ambiguous or ambiguity is a form of construction which is interpreted to have more than one meaning. Therefore, the sentence is ambiguous sentence who has a double meaning. Based on the shape, ambiguous sentences are divided into three groups, namely:  Phonetic ambiguity, Grammatical Ambiguity, Lexical Ambiguity.

 REFERENCE

http://kakakpintar.com/berbagai-contoh-kalimat-ambigu-definisi-lengkap/

http://www.kelasindonesia.com/2015/04/pengertian-dan-contoh-kalimat-ambigu-lengkap.html 

DENOTATION,CONNOTATION,AND IMPLICATION

DENOTATION,CONNOTATION,AND IMPLICATION

    Makna denotasi Merupakan makna kata yang sesuai dengan makna yang sebenarnya atau sesuai dengan makna kamus. Contoh : Adik makan nasi. Makan artinya memasukkan sesuatu ke dalam mulut.

   Makna konotasi Merupakan makna kiasan atau makna yang timbul setelah disusun dalam kalimat. Makna konotasi dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu :

1. Konotasi positif merupakan kata yang memiliki makna yang dirasakan baik dan lebih sopan.

 Contoh :

1. Sebagai seorang istri harus pandai menyenangkan suami.

2. Biaya pemakaman para korban bencana alam ditanggung pemerintah setempat.

3. Para wanita tuna susila bekerja akibat tuntutan kebutuhan ekonomi.

4. Tiga pahlawan reformasi telah gugur lima tahun yang lalu. ( Kata “gugur” bermakna mati dalam pertempuran )

 2. Konotasi negatif merupakan kata yang bermakna kasar atau tidak sopan.

  Contoh :

1. Selama meringkuk di penjara, Roy berubah menjadi pendiam. ( Kata penjara bermakna tempat mengurung badan )

2. Masih ada segerombolan orang yang suka menebang demi keuntungan pribadi. (Kata “gerombolan” bermakna kawanan pengacau / perusuh.)

3. Banyak gelandangan tidur di bawah jembatan.

   makna denotation adalah:

•  Kehebatan
•  Perpanjangan
•   Kemenduaan
•  Proposisi dan kebenaran kondisi
•  entailment
•  relativitas linguistik
•  bilangan prima semantik

makna implikasi adalah:

•  Perasaan, sikap
• suasana hati
• tersirat oleh istilah atau frase Set keanggotaan
•  Entitas 
• tindakan atau kualitas di dunia memilih dengan kata-kata atau frase. 

makna konotasi adalah:

•  warna budaya atau emosional subjektif selain 
•  makna eksplisit atau denotatif dari setiap kata tertentu atau frase dalam bahasa.

example :

1.denotasi 

    Adik makan nasi. ( makan artinya memasukkan sesuatu ke dalam mulut )

    Harga kambing hitam itu sangat mahal. ( kambing hitam bermakna kambingg yang memiliki warna hitam )

2. konotasi

  Dalam peristiwa itu, dia dijadikan kambing hitam. (kambing hitam bermakna orang yang dipersalahkan)

  Anak itu berangkat besar ketika ayahnya pergi ke Jepang. ( berangkat bermakna beranjak atau mulai menjadi )

  Bunga desa itu sudah menjadi karyawan bank.(Kata “bunga desa” bermakna sesuatu yang dianggap cantik)

reference

1.  http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~raha/306a_web/F10Files/Entailment-DenotationF10.pdf
2. http://www.slideshare.net/iePiePieP/makna-denotasidankonotasi

EUPHEMISM

 EUPHEMISM

    A euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant. Some euphemisms are intended to amuse; while others use bland, inoffensive terms for things the user wishes to downplay. Euphemisms are used to refer to taboo topics (such as disability, sex, excretion, and death) in a polite way, or to mask profanity.

There are three antonyms of euphemism: dysphemism, cacophemism, and loaded language. Dysphemism can be either offensive or merely ironic; cacophemism is deliberately offensive. Loaded language evokes a visceral response beyond the meaning of the words.

   Euphemism comes from the Greek word εὐφημία (euphemia), meaning "the use of words of good omen", which in turn is derived from the Greek root-words eû (εὖ), "good, well" and phḗmē (φήμη) "prophetic speech; rumour, talk". Etymologically, the eupheme is the opposite of the blaspheme "evil-speaking." The term euphemism itself was used as a euphemism by the ancient Greeks, meaning "to keep a holy silence" (speaking well by not speaking at all).

    Euphemism use ranges from a polite concern for propriety, to attempting to escape responsibility for war crimes. For instance one reason for the comparative scarcity of written evidence documenting the exterminations at Auschwitz (at least given the scale) is "directives for the extermination process obscured in bureaucratic euphemisms."Columnist David Brooks called the euphemisms for torture at Abu Ghraib, Guantánamo and elsewhere an effort to "dull the moral sensibility."

 Euphemisms may be formed in a number of ways. Periphrasis, or circumlocution, is one of the most common: to "speak around" a given word, implying it without saying it. Over time, circumlocutions become recognized as established euphemisms for particular words or ideas.

    To alter the pronunciation or spelling of a taboo word (such as a swear word) to form a euphemism is known as taboo deformation, or "minced oath". In American English, words that are unacceptable on television such as fuck, may be represented by deformations such as freak, even in children's cartoons. Some examples of rhyming slang may serve the same purpose: to call a person a berk sounds less offensive than to call a person a cunt, though berk is short for Berkeley Hunt, which rhymes with cunt.

     Bureaucracies frequently spawn euphemisms of a more deliberate nature, doublespeak expressions. For example, in the past the US military called contamination by radioactive isotopes sunshine units. A practical death sentence in the Soviet Union during the Great Purge often used the clause "imprisonment without right to correspondence:" the person sentenced never had a chance to correspond because soon after imprisonment he would be shot. As early as 1939, Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich used the term Sonderbehandlung (translated into English as "special treatment") to mean summary execution, most likely by hanging, of persons who proved 'disciplinary problems' to the Nazis even before the Nazis began the systematic extermination of the Jews. Heinrich Himmler, aware that the word had come to be known to mean murder, replaced that euphemism with one in which Jews would be "guided" (to their deaths) through the slave-labor and extermination camps after having been "evacuated" to their doom. Such was part of the superficially innocuous formulation Endlösung der Judenfrage (the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question"), which became infamous to the entire world during the Nuremberg Trials.

   A euphemism may often devolve into a taboo word itself, through the linguistic process known as pejoration or semantic change described by W.V.O. Quine, and more recently dubbed the "euphemism treadmill" by Harvard professor Steven Pinker. For instance, Toilet is an 18th-century euphemism, replacing the older euphemism House-of-Office, which in turn replaced the even older euphemisms privy-house or bog-house.In the 20th century, where the words lavatory or toilet were deemed inappropriate (e.g. in the United States), they were sometimes replaced with bathroom or water closet, which in turn became restroom, W.C., or washroom. The word "shit" appears to have originally been a euphemism for defecation in Pre-Germanic, as the Proto-Indo-European root *skined-, from which it was derived, meant to cut off.

    A euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or phrases that otherwise might be considered harsh or unpleasant to hear. Euphemisms are used regularly, and there are many examples in every day language. 

Types of Euphemisms

To Soften an Expression

Some euphemisms are used in order to make a blunt or unpleasant truth seem less harsh.

Examples of euphemisms that fall into this category include:

• Passed away instead of died
• Correctional facility instead of jail
• Departed instead of died
• Differently-abled instead of handicapped or disabled
• Fell off the back of a truck instead of stolen
• Ethnic cleansing instead of genocide
• Turn a trick instead of engage in prostitution
• Negative patient outcome instead of dead
• Relocation center instead of prison camp
• Collateral damage instead of accidental deaths
• Letting someone go instead of firing someone
• Put to sleep instead of euthanize
• Pregnancy termination instead of abortion
• On the streets instead of homeless

MY LIFE

     MY LIFE 

My name HAWANDA EKA PUTRI, I was born in TANJUNG MEDAN ROKAN HULU, May 12, 1995. I am very remote village, I lived with my parents and one aunt. My hometown is very simple, and the lives of the people there is still not as advanced as in other cities. in my hometown there is no mobile network, if ever I am always looking for a plateau to reach the network. Sometimes, when the holiday, I always go home, but when there is information from friends about college I always miss, because there is no mobile network. even when the value of the troubled college exam I did not get. but I always smile despite whatever problems I had, I should not be discouraged, then tried to smile. our problems will easy right by the gods.

 My parents are the pride for me, they toil to earn money for my college, they never complained. they are always smiling even though they feel tired. they are always encouraged to me to have now I can continue my studies. their smiles and their passion made me become more willing to make them happy by being successful in the future. for the one day - your day is filled with a smile. until you become a successful person in the future.