A.    Definition Discourse

            The word discourse come from latin language “ discursus ‘ this word rrefers to the word of the conversation or speech. We can also intepret discourse is an extension of the language (especially oral ) wider than a sentence, or a coherent unit such argument or narration.

            According to the dictionary of contemporary language, the word discourse has three meaning. First a conversation; speech. Second both whole conversation as a unity. Third the biggest language unit realization is a form of composition intact.

            Discourse is the most complete language unit setences and gramatical unit are the highest in the hierarchy of gramatical. As a unit of discourse has the most complete language concepts, ideas, thoughts, or ideas that can be understood by the reader and  listener.

B.     Definition Analysis

            Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle, though analysis as a formal concept is a relatively recent development.

            Conceptual Analysis’ by Robert Hanna the theory of conceptual analysis holds that concepts  general meanings of linguistic predicates are the fundamental objects of philosophical inquiry, and that insights into conceptual contents are expressed in necessary ‘conceptual truths’ (analytic propositions).

            Analysis by Merriam-Webster's a careful study of something to learn about its parts, what they do, and how they are related to each other. an explanation of the nature and meaning of something.

            Analysis is science is cutting things into pieces (Walden Mathews).

            A systematice xaminationand evaluation of data or information, by breaking it into its component parts to uncover their interrelationships. An examination of data and facts to uncover and understand cause-effect relationships, thus providing basis for problem solving and decision making.

Have you ever dissected a frog? If you did that just to cut it up, you would be guilty of cruelty. One dissects a frog to learn how and why things inside the frog work as they do. Why have two arteries here, not one? Generally, all analysis gets beyond mere description and into examination and explanation.

The same principles apply to essays. Consider these examples, from a hypothetical final exam in the Core class:

Example 1: This quotation comes from Freud's Civilization and its Discontents. Here, Freud implies that man will only be happy when living according to the pleasure principle. The pleasure principle leads people to do or desire things that bring them pleasure. Freud presents a good point here, and he uses many examples throughout the text to support it.

Example 2: This quotation contains a central concept of Freud's psychology: humans are driven by the pleasure principle and are most happy when fulfilling its demands. As Freud notes elsewhere in the text, the ego and superego play the roles of watchdogs, keeping the demands of the pleasure principle in check through the moderating influences of experience (Freud's reality principle) and morality. For Freud, this battle within the personality gets reflected in a society. The society passes laws that limit our freedom, and therefore our happiness, but encourage order and morality. Freud notes that the exchange of happiness for security is, in the end, worthwhile and necessary to maintaining a civilization.

Analysis does not equal description (but can use description). The second example is clearly stronger, since it "gets beneath the surface," going beyond describing ideas to examining the relationship between ideas. The writer is clearly "present" in the second example, showing the reader how Freud makes the leap from individual to society. In the first case, the writer only tells us what Freud says, not how or why Freud drew his conclusions.

Using Analysis

There are many sorts of analysis. The ones given "stay within the text." Another possible analysis might involve applying Freud's ideas to another text or a current issue. Any analysis will consider the data in enough depth, and with enough clarity, to convince the reader, even one who disagrees with the writer's conclusions, that the analysis has been made well.

C.     Definition Discourse Analysis

            Discourse analysis is sometimes defined as the analysis of language 'beyond the sentence'. This contrasts with types of analysis more typical of modern linguistics, which are chiefly concerned with the study of grammar: the study of smaller bits of language, such as sounds (phonetics and phonology), parts of words (morphology), meaning (semantics), and the order of words in sentences (syntax). Discourse analysts study larger chunks of language as they flow together.

            Discourse is the study of the rules or patterns characterizing units of connected speech or writing longer than a sentence.the study of the rules governing appropriate language use in communicative situations.

            Discourse analysis is a new science emerged in recent decades. Previous streams linguistic only restricts his analysis on the social sentence, but lately linguistic then turned his attention on this analysis. So discourse analysis is the study of the structure of a message in a communication or have regarding various function ( pragmatic ) language.

            According Zellig Harris a man modern linguistic, discourse analysis is an instance of linguistic applied. Discourse analysis related to the form of text or evalution of discourse to determine the shape or pattern of communication and related matters that can not be explained in grammar.

            Discourse analysis as a discipline that examines the relatioship between from and function in verbal communation ( Renkema 2004:1 )

            Brown and Yule (1983:1)  in his book describes discourse analysis means an analysis of the language used.

            Van Dijk (1988:24) in his news as discourse which explain that discourse analysis is an analysis of the language and the use of language with the goal of obtaining a more explicit description and systematic about what is delivered.

            Cook ( 1992:1) add that in discourse analysis is not enough just to analyze the element of language, but also take into account the contex of contructive discourse.

Kesimpulan

            Discourse is the most complete language unit setences and gramatical unit are the highest in the hierarchy of gramatical. As a unit of discourse has the most complete language concepts, ideas, thoughts, or ideas that can be understood by the reader and  listener. Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it.

            Discourse analysis is a new science emerged in recent decades. Previous streams linguistic only restricts his analysis on the social sentence, but lately linguistic then turned his attention on this analysis. So discourse analysis is the study of the structure of a message in a communication or have regarding various function ( pragmatic ) language.

Reference

file:///D:/ANALISIS%20WACANA%20_%20Ikrimah%20Maifandi.htm

file:///D:/Analysis%20-%20Wikipedia,%20the%20free%20encyclopedia.htm

file:///D:/Analysis%20_%20Definition%20of%20Analysis%20by%20Merriam-Webster.htm

file:///D:/Discourse%20%28Apa%20itu%20discourse%29%20-%20English%20Learning%20-%20Center.htm

file:///D:/Analysis%20%29%20Definitions%20and%20Descriptions%20of%20Analysis%20%28Stanford%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Philosophy%29.htm

file:///D:/What%20is%20analysis%20%20definition%20and%20meaning.htm

My Video1

need analisys to english for economic

NEED ANALYSIS

Submitted as one assignments of english spesific purpose course

Analysis for economic faculty of Lancang Kuning University

Lecturer : Indah Muzdalifah, M.Pd

“English For Economic”

By : Hawanda Eka Putri ( 1488203087 )

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FAKULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF LANCANG KUNING

PEKANBARU

2016

INTRODUCTION

Economics English

Dialogue economic english grammer are designed to provide you with the key skills, tools and terminology to operate in an international economic environment. Whether you need assistance with writing economic reports in English or need to expand your knowledge of economic language, Dialogue and its team of specialist Economic English trainers are uniquely placed to assist you.

The focus of the Economic English Course is on the use and development of English language skills in an economic context, which will include lectures, presentations, discussions, problem solving, and writing on technical topics. Bring please any documents, manuals, books, or material used by your company or industry so that we may custom-tailor English vocabulary to your specific needs.

Economic English Topics available include: Macroeconomics, Economic methodology, The economizing problem, Supply and demand, National income accounting, Income determination, Inflation, Money by the end of the course you will be able to: listen to presentations within the domain of economics and business administration, give a presentation on a topic related to business economics in English, read and interpret special business economic texts, and write an executive summary or short report in English.

CONTENT

Different Economic System

Not all economic system is the same. The aconomic system of the USA differs greatly from the system of the USSR. The American system is based on private enterprise with private ownership of the means of production, while Russian system in communistic and is based upon the principle of Karl Max, the 19thcentury political economist. The economic idiologies of these two nations contrast very strongly. 

Britain is similiar to the USA. It has an economic system based on private enterprise and private supplies of capital, which can be defined as surplus income available for investment in new bussines activities. Property in both the US and Britain can be owned by individual citizens exercise considerable economic freedomS of choice. They can choose what they want to do and how they want to earn their living.

The lecturer given the lesson to students about Grammar there are :

1.      Word formation

Example :       

 Invest + ment = Investment

 Manage + ment = management

Judge + ment = judgement

Verb + ment = noun

Economy + ic = economic

Communist + ic = communistic

System + ic = systematic

Noun + ic = adjective

Produce + ion = production

Satisfy + ion = satisfaction

Organize + ion = organization

Verb + ion = noun

Person + al = personal

Nation + al = national

Nature + al = natural

Noun + al = adjective

Possible + ty = possibility

Certain + ty = certainty

Prior + ty = priority

EXERCISE

Fill the blank with the provided words !

Investment                 Economic                   Production

Organization              National                      Priority

Mixture                      Personal                     scientific

logical

1.      In business, ____ calculation is needed to get profit.

2.      To get good economic growth, we need ___ from some well-established companies.

3.      Tourism is one of ___ programs to get income from investore.

4.      Communistic system does not recognize___belonging of any individual.

5.      Besides marketing,stable ___of the good is also important tp guarantee the supply.

6.      Latest__investions play important role to increase production.

7.      Different country may apply different ___system.

8.      An ___ requires professional person to runs its programs well.

9.      Sometimes, a country may adopt a___ of different economic and political systems.

10.  To get the works done well, we have to do the works based on ___.

Analysis from the lecturer explanation :

Word Investment, management, and judgment we often hear in the economic. English in this economic is interonnected, but the above examole was made of how the incorporation of the words become a word intact so as to produce words related to the economic.

2.      Parallel structure

            One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence. This use of conjunction is called parallel structure. The conjunction used in this pattern are and, but, or, nor.

a.       Steve and his friends are coming for dinner

in (a) : noun + and  + noun

b.      Susan raised her hand, and snapped her finger

In (b) : verb + and + verb

c.       He is waving his arms, and (is) shouting at us.

In ( c) : verb + and +verb

(the second auxiliary may be omitted if id is the same as the first auxiliary)

d.      These shoes are old but  comfortable.

In (d) : adjective + but  + adjective

e.       He wants to watch TV or (to) listen to music

In (e) : infinitive + or + infinitive

(the second to may be omitted)

f.       Steve, Joe  and  Alice are coming to dinner

g.      Susan raised her hand , snapped her finger and asked a question

h.      The colors in that fabric are red, gold, black and green

A parallel structure may contain more than two parts. In a series, commas are used to separate each unit. The final comma that precedes the conjunction is optimal but is customarily used.

(no comma is used when there are only two parts to a parallel structure)

Example

1.      He does some business in France, Canada and England

2.      In order to understand economics, we have to read, discuss and do economic activities.

3.      Selling, buying and negotiating are basic economic activities

4.      He presented, promoted and conducted his program so well.

Exercise

The lecturer given to students in the class exercise after the lecturer finished explanation about topic word formation and parallel structure.

1.      He is british. He comes from….

2.      She is Italian. She lives in…

3.      He comes from Sweden. He is…

4.      They are Dutch. They come from …

5.      He was born in China. He is …

6.      We come from Greece. We are …

7.      He is German. He comes from ..

8.      He is Danish. He comes from …

9.      Mr. and Mrs. Carter come from the USA. They are…

10.  She is Swiss. She comes from ..

11.  He is polish. He was born in …

12.  My girlfriend is …. She was born in Farance.

13.  He comes from India. He is …

14.  They come from Norway. They are …

15.  He was born in Russia. He is …

16.  She Spanish. She comes from ….

3.      Tenses

1.      Simple present tense                                       all tenses in economic same the  tenses in

2.      Simple past tense                                            in English general.

3.      Present Continous tense

4.      Past continous tense

5.      Future tense

6.      Present perfect

7.      Past perfect

DEGREE OF COMPARISON

1.      AS … AS

a.       Tina is 21 years old, Sam is also 21

Tina is as old as Sam.

b.      Mike came as quickly as he could

As … as is used to say that the two parts of a comparison are equal or the same in some way. In (a) : as + adjective + as

In (b) : as + adverb + as

2.      COMPARATIVE

·         Anne is older thanBobby

·         Anne and Bobby are older than  Charles and Doddy

·         Ed is  more bgenerous than his brother

The  comparative compares this/these/those. Form : - er  or more

NOTICE : A comparative is followed by than

3.      SUPERLATIVE

·         A, B, C, and D are sisters. A is the the oldest all four sisters.

·         A women in Turkey claims to be the oldest person in the world.

·         Ed is the most generous person in his family.

·         The superlative compares one parts of a whole group to all the rest of the group form : est or most.

·         NOTICE : A superlative begins with the

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

FORM OF ADJECTIVE

One-syllable adjective

Old      older    the oldest

Wise    wiser    the wisest

For one-syllable adjectives, -er and –est are added.

Two-syllable adjective

Famous            more famous   the most famous

Polite               more polite      the most famous

Busy                busies              the busiest

Pretty              prettier             the prettiest

Adjective with three or more syllable

            Important        more important            the most important

            Fascinating      more Fascinating         the most Fascinating

            More and most are used with long adjectives.

Irregular adjective

-          Good   better   the best

-          Bad     worse   the worst

Good and bad have irregular comparative and superlative forms.

Analysis from the lecturer explanation :

Of explanation in english in economics module also discusses the grammer discussed were economic in particular. After i learned english analysis is specifically english in economic.

Technical term In Economic English there are :

No	Kata Kerja (Bhs Inggris)	Kata Kerja (Bhs Indonesia)
1	EQUITIES		Kekayaan
2	ECONOMIC LIFE		Umur ekomoni
3	EQUIPMENT		Peralatan
4	EARNING AFTER INTEREST AND TAXES		Pendapatan sesudah bunga dan pajak
5	EARNING AFTER TAX		Pendapatan sesudah pajak
6	EXPIRED		Kadarluasa
7	EXTRA ORDINARY LOSS		Kerugian yang luar biasa
8	EXTRA ORDINARY RETIREMENT		Penarikan aktiva sebab luar biasa
9	Fiscal Year		Tahun pajak
10	EXTRA ORDINARY REPAIRS		Perbaikan luar biasa
11	General Accounting		Aukuntansi Umum
12	General Journal		Jurnal umum
13	Furniture & fixture		Peralatan
14	Fusion		Penggabungan
15	General Ledger		Buku besar
16	Funds		Dana
17	Fraud		kecurangan
18	Inflation		Inflansi
19	Indirect Operatiing Expense		Biaya usaha tak langsung
20	Income Summary		iktiar rugi laba
21	Income Statement Account		Pendekatan laba rugi
22	Income		laba
23	Incremental cost		Biaya tambahan
24	Individual Priprietorship		perusahan perorangan
25	Indirect Departemental Expense		Biaya departemen tak langung
26	Inderect Material		Bahan baku tak langsung
27	Initial Inventory		Persediaan awal
28	Interest		Bunga
29	Interest Income		Pendapatan bunga
30	Interest ayable		Hutang bunga
31	Interest Receivable		Piutang bunga
32	Internal Audit		Pemeriksan Intern
33	Inventory		Persediaan
34	Inventory of Material		Persediaan Bahan Mentah
35	Inventory Trun Over		Perputaran persediaan
36	Input Tax		Pajak masukan
37	Installment Payable		Hutang cicilan
38	Interest Factor		Faktor bunga
39	Inventory Valuation		Penilaian Persediaan
40	Interest Expense		Biaya bunga
41	Invoice		Faktur
42	Joint cost		Biaya gabungan
43	Internal Control Questioary		Pertanyaan pengendalian Intern
44	Job order cost system		Sistem biaya pesanan
45	Job time ticket		Kartu jam kerja
46	Market Rate		Harga pasar
47	Markdown cancellation		Pembatalan penurunan harga
48	Marketing Expense		Biaya pemasaran
49	Marketing		Pemasaran
50	Market Value Of Stock Ex Right		Harga pasar saham tampa hak beli saham

Analysis from the example above :

Of the above setence is an example of english courses in economics, i think specifically studied the english is closely related to the english economic, can be seen example of words general ladger that mean “buku besar”. Associated with notebook work. While the general english “buku besar” is a big book that is a great book that is very large.

4.      ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

Most people work to earn a living, and produce goods are either agricultural ( like maize and milk ) or manucfactured ( like cars and papers ). Services ere such thing as education, medicine, and commerce. Some people provide services goods; some provide service. Other people provide both goods and services. For example, in the same garage, a man may buy a car or some service which help him to maintain his car.

CONCLUSION

This moduls explanation about english for the economic we know that the example of the word management and investment is a word that is in economic, of all the english explanation and example to explain the economic i think a special english economic. So all instances and grammer that are interconnected and suitable for the economic.

Of the above setence is an example of english courses in economics, i think specifically studied the english is closely related to the english economic, can be seen example of words general ladger that mean “buku besar”. Associated with notebook work. While the general english “buku besar” is a big book that is a great book that is very large.

Of explanation in english in economics module also discusses the grammer discussed were economic in particular. After i learned english analysis is specifically english in economic.