HYPERBOLE

HYPERBOLA

The hyperbola is centered on a point (h, k), which is the "center" of the hyperbola. The point on each branch closest to the center is that branch's "vertex". The vertices are some fixed distance a from the center. The line going from one vertex, through the center, and ending at the other vertex is called the "transverse" axis. The "foci" of an hyperbola are "inside" each branch, and each focus is located some fixed distance c from the center. (This means that a < c for hyperbolas.) The values of a and c will vary from one hyperbola to another, but they will be fixed values for any given hyperbola.

Did you know that the orbit of a spacecraft can sometimes be a hyperbola?

A spacecraft can use the gravity of a planet to alter its path and propel it at high speed away from the planet and back out into space using a technique called "gravitational slingshot".

If this happens, then the path of the spacecraft is a hyperbola.

 

Definition

A hyperbola is a curve where the distances of any point from:

• a fixed point (the focus), and
• a fixed straight line (the directrix) are always in the same ratio.

This ratio is called the ecentricity, and for a hyperbola it is always greater than 1.

The hyperbola is an open curve (has no ends).

But that isn't the full story! Because a hyperbola is actually two separate curves in mirror image like this:

On the diagram you can see:

• a directrix and a focus (one on each side)
• an axis of symmetry (that goes through each focus, at right angles to the directrix)
• two vertices (where each curve makes its sharpest turn)

The "asymptotes" (shown on the diagram) are not part of the hyperbola, but show where the curve would go if continued indefinitely in each of the four directions.

And, strictly speaking, there is also another axis of symmetry that reflects the two separate curves of the hyperbola.

Conic Section You can also get a hyperbola when you slice through a cone. The slice must be steeper than that for a parabola, but does not have to be parallel to the cone's axis for the hyperbola to be symmetrical. So the hyperbola is a conic cection (a section of a cone).

Equation

By placing a hyperbola on an x-y graph (centered over the x-axis and y-axis), the equation of the curve is:

x²/a² − y²/b² = 1

Also: One vertex is at (a, 0), and the other is at (−a, 0) The asymptotes are the straight lines: y = (b/a)x y = −(b/a)x And the equation is also similar to the equation of the ellipse: x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1, except for a "−" instead of a "+")

Eccentricity

We already mentioned the eccentricity  (usually shown as the letter e), it shows how "uncurvy" (varying from being a circle) the hyperbola is.

On this diagram:

• P is a point on the curve,
• F is the focus and
• N is the point on the directrix so that PN is perpendicular to the directrix.

The ratio PF/PN is the eccentricity of the hyperbola (for a hyperbola the eccentricity is always greater than 1).

It can also given by the formula:

e =

Using "a" and "b" from the diagram above. 

Latus Rectum

The Latus Rectum is the line through the focus and parallel to the directrix. The length of the Latus Rectum is 2b2/a.

reference

http://www.purplemath.com/modules/hyperbola.htm

http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/hyperbola.html

COLLOCATION

COLLOCATION

What is collocation?

Collocation refers to a group of two or more words that usually go together. A good way to think of collocation is to look at the word collocation. Co - meaning together - location - meaning place. Collocation are words that are located together. A good answer to "What is collocation?" is: Collocation is a group of two or more words that like to hang out together. Here are some examples of common collocations that you might know:

make tea - I made a cup of tea for lunch.
do homework - I did all of my homework yesterday.

so (Make and Do)  A Good Starting Place for Collocation

Why Do Words Collocate?

There is often no reason for a collocation. People just put certain words together more often than they put other words together. In fact, the use of collocations has become popular in English and language teaching because of corpus linguistics. Corpus linguistics study huge volumes of data of spoken and written English to come up with statistics on how often people use certain words and word combinations. Through this study, corpus linguistics has been able to define what are strong and weak collocations.

Strong Collocations 

 Strong Collocations refer to words that almost always go together. It's possible that people might understand you if you don't use a strong collocation. However, if you do not use a strong collocation it will sound funny to native speakers. Let's return to our example of 'make' and 'do'. If you say:

I did a cup of coffee.

native speakers will understand that you mean:

I made a cup of coffee.

Correct use of strong collocations shows an excellent command of the English language, and can certainly help impress native speakers of your ability to speak English well. Of course, if you are speaking to other non-native speakers the ability to use collocations correctly all the time becomes less important. That doesn't mean that correct collocation use is not important, it's just not AS important as something like correct tense. Image for a moment that you are speaking about a future meeting:

Our meeting was on Friday at four o'clock.
I've done an appointment at four o'clock for the meeting room on Friday.

In both of these sentences, there are mistakes. However, in the first sentence instead of using a future tense, the past tense is used. If you want your colleagues to come to the meeting, this mistake is very serious and will lead to no one coming to the meeting.

In the second sentence 'do an appointment' is a misuse of a strong collocation. However, the meaning is clear: You have scheduled a room at four o'clock. In this case, a mistake in collocations is not nearly as important as a mistake in tense usage.

Here are examples of strong collocations that you might not be familiar with:

high earnings (not big earnings)
long-range planning (not long-time planning)
urban guerrilla (not city guerrilla)

More information, lists and learning materials on Strong Collocations

Why learn collocations?

•  Learning collocations is important because you begin to learn words in larger groups or 'chunks' of language. Putting together these chunks of language leads to more fluent English.
•  Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.
• You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.
• It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.

how to learn collocations

• Be aware of collocations, and try to recognize them when you see or hear them.
• Treat collocations as single blocks of language. Think of them as individual blocks or chunks, and learn strongly support, not strongly + support.
• When you learn a new word, write down other words that collocate with it (remember rightly, remember distinctly, remember vaguely, remember vividly).
• Read as much as possible. Reading is an excellent way to learn vocabulary and collocations in context and naturally.
• Revise what you learn regularly. Practise using new collocations in context as soon as possible after learning them.
• Learn collocations in groups that work for you. You could learn them by topic (time, number, weather, money, family) or by a particular word (take action, take a chance, take an exam).
• You can find information on collocations in any good learner's dictionary. And you can also find specialized dictionaries of collocations

Types of collocation

There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:

• adverb + adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)
• adjective + noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy)
• noun + noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)
• noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout)
• verb + noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)
• verb + expression with preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)
• verb + adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishl 

conclusion

A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together in English. Thnk of collocations as words that usually go together. There are different kinds of collocations in English. Strong collocations are word pairings that are expected to come together. Good collocation examples of this type of word pairing are combinations with 'make' and 'do'. You make a cup of tea, but do your homework. Collocations are very common in business settings when certain nouns are routinely combined with certain verbs or adjectives.

reference

http://esl.about.com/od/intermediate-collocations/f/What-Is-Collocation.htm

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.htm

http://esl.about.com/od/intermediate-collocations/f/What-Is-Collocation.htm

SYNONYM, ANTONYM, AND HYPONYM

 SYNONYM, ANTONYM, AND HYPONYM

     

Synonym

     Etymologically, the word is synonymous comes from the ancient Greek, ie onoma meaning 'name' and syn which means 'with'. The word literally means the synonym 'another name for the object or the same thing'. So synonymous is a form of language whose meaning is similar or the same as other forms of language. This synonym relationships occur in both directions. A word synonymous with other words when the words are interchangeable in their meanings in the same sentence. For example, the word pretty synonymous with the word beautiful. Instead, the beautiful words synonymous with the word beautiful.

example:

Motor was bought on credit.
Synonyms are words credit installment / installments.
Mount Bromo eruption calamity befall the people of Probolinggo.
Synonym for disaster is a disaster.
Synonyms Synonym is a word that has a different shape, but has a meaning or definition of the same or similar. Synonym can be called also with synonyms or synonym.

examples animal = fauna
               false = false
               thirsty = thirst
               clothes = clothes
               meet = meet
               bad = ugly
               flowers = flower
               death = death
               view = glance 

Antonym 

    Antonym is a word that means the opposite meaning.

Example: The eldest son Mr James had graduated from college.
Opponents said the eldest was the youngest.
Motorcycles sped Fast
Opponents Hotword is Slow

Various antonyms: 

A. antonym Twins
B. antonyms Compound
C. antonym Gradual

A) Twins antonyms, words of opposite meaning, limited to only two elements alone.
example: 

  virgin : girl 

  male : female 

  much : close

B) Compound antonyms, struggling as the meaning of a few words.
example:  red : is not a red (like: white, green, blue) 

C) Gradual antonyms, Resistance with levels of meaning.
example: 

 grease : rather plump 

 less : fat fat 

 not fat : fat 

Hyponym

    Is the state or phenomenon that shows  the relationship  between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.

example:
The lexical representation of: red, yellow, green, blue, purple, black is ( color ).

Thus we can say that: " red " is  a hyponym of " color " and so on.
Examples:
clarinet, guitar, piano, trumpet, violin, are hyponyms because they are " musical instruments " but there is not a single word meaning  " musical instrument " that has these  words as its hyponyms .

Conclusion 

 synonymous comes from the ancient Greek, ie onoma meaning 'name' and syn which means 'with'. The word literally means the synonym 'another name for the object or the same thing'. So synonymous is a form of language whose meaning is similar or the same as other forms of language. This synonym relationships occur in both directions. A word synonymous with other words when the words are interchangeable in their meanings in the same sentence. For example, the word pretty synonymous with the word beautiful. Instead, the beautiful words synonymous with the word beautiful.

  Antonym is a word that means the opposite meaning and Is the state or phenomenon that shows  the relationship  between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.

 

reference

http://jaibnajhan.blogspot.co.id/2012/11/pengertian-polisemisinonim-dan-antonim.html

http://www.pengertianahli.com/2015/04/sinonim-pengertian-dan-contoh-sinonim.html 

http://fikrismkn1cjr.blogspot.co.id/2013/02/pengertian-antonim-dan-contohnya.html 
http://conceptsinsemantics.weebly.com/synonym-antonym-hyponym.html

METAPHOR

METAPHOR

Metaphor definition

      Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

common Speech Examples of Metaphors
     Most of us think of a metaphor as a device used in song or poems only, and that it has nothing to do with our everyday life. In fact, all of us in our routine life speak, write and think in metaphors. We cannot avoid them. Metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common language. They are called conventional metaphors. Calling a person a “night owl” or an “early bird” or saying “life is a journey” are common conventional metaphor examples commonly heard and understood by most of us. Below are some more conventional metaphors we often hear in our daily life:
My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
The assignment was a breeze. (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)
It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)
The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)
Her voice is music to his ears. (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)

Literary Metaphor Examples
    Metaphors are used in all type of literature but not often to the degree they are used in poetry because poems are meant to communicate complex images and feelings to the readers and metaphors often state the comparisons most emotively. Here are some examples of metaphor from famous poems.

example:
I needed something to go that extra mile, and I found it in that metaphor which I had learned from my mother when I was four.
The third side helps us go to the balcony, which is a metaphor for a place of perspective, where we can keep our eyes on the prize.
This goes back to the Scholastics and to the Ancients -- that all things can be understood on four levels: the literal, the metaphoric or poetic level, the political or ethical level.
 Kid-Friendly Metaphors
    Check out these examples of metaphors. Look for the comparison being made:

The snow is a white blanket.  The hospital was a refrigerator. The classroom was a zoo. America is a melting pot.   Her lovely voice was music to his ears.  Life is a roller coaster.   The alligator’s teeth are white daggers.   Their home was a prison.  The slide on the playground was a hot stove. His heart is a cold iron. She is a peacock. He is a shining star.  Time is money. My teacher is a dragon. Tom’s eyes were ice. The detective’s face was wood as he listened to her story. She feels that life is a fashion show. The world is a stage. My kid’s room is a disaster area. The children were flowers grown in concrete gardens. Kisses are the flowers of affection. His words were cotton candy.


 Functions
    From the above arguments, explanations and examples, we can easily infer the function of metaphors; both in our daily lives and in a piece of literature. Using appropriate metaphors appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers, sharpening their imaginations to comprehend what is being communicated to them. Moreover, it gives a life-like quality to our conversations and to the characters of the fiction or poetry. Metaphors are also ways of thinking, offering the listeners and the readers fresh ways of examining ideas and viewing the world.

Conclusion
Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics. devided into  common Speech Examples of Metaphors, Literary Metaphor Examples, and function.

reference
http://literarydevices.net/metaphor/
http://www.babla.co.id/bahasa-inggris-bahasa-indonesia/metaphor
http://examples.yourdictionary.com/metaphor-examples-for-kids.html

AMBIGU

AMBIGU

       Ambiguous or ambiguity is a form of construction which is interpreted to have more than one meaning. Therefore, the sentence is ambiguous sentence who has a double meaning.

       Based on the shape, ambiguous sentences are divided into three groups, namely:

1.  Phonetic ambiguity

     Is ambiguous phonetic ambiguity arising from the similarity of the sound - the sound of the spoken and usually occur in the dialogue or conversation a day. 

example:

Santika away from home without telling.
Ambiguous sentence above begs the question:

 a. Do Santi left without telling (from hard soybean meal) in advance?

 b. Do Santi away from home without saying goodbye?

2. Grammatical Ambiguity  

     Grammatical ambiguity occurs because the process of establishing a good grammatical formation of words, phrases, or sentences. Words - words or phrases that have keambiguitasan this type will be lost if entered into in the context of the sentence.

Example: Parents 

      The word has two meanings, namely the mother and father or older people. Therefore, to know the true meaning needs to be incorporated into a single sentence.

a. Parents Deni could not be here today.
b. I met an old man who yesterday lost in the streets.

3. Lexical Ambiguity 

    Ambiguous this type occurs because of the word itself. Basically, every word has a meaning more than one depending on the sentence that followed.

Example:
The word "run" has a different meaning, namely mengerjar something or away from something.
He ran after her school bus.
I run away from reality.

Factors - factors that cause ambiguous:

1. Factors Morphology 

    Ambiguous loss resulting from the formation of the word itself:

Example:
Candy was ingested by me.

a. The candy is accidentally swallowed, or
b. The candy can eventually swallowed.

2. Factors Syntax
    This factor occurs because the wording in sentences that are less obvious.

Example:
Bite the fingers

Ani can only bite the finger to see the desired item could not be obtained.
Ani bites her finger to bleed.
Said bite the fingers above has two meanings are desperate or really biting his finger.

3. Structural Factors
    Structural factors are the factors that cause keambiguitasan result of the structure of the sentence itself.

Example: 

Readings, new poetry held on Sunday. (The read new poems)
Poetry readings, only held on Sunday. (The Sunday read is poetry)

1. I read a history book new music.The above sentence raises the question - the question of whether his new book, a new history or a new musical.To avoid ambiguous in the sentence above, should have been writing is as follows:My reading of history-a new music (If his new book)I read a book about the history of the new-music (If history is new)I read a history book about the new music (if music was new)2. Automobile new employees are being repaired in the workshop.    The above sentence is still not clear whether the car is new or new employees.To avoid ambiguous in the sentence above, it should be written:Employees new cars being repaired in the workshop. (If the car is new)The new employee's car being repaired in the workshop. (If the new employees)3. Teacher Andre fat it can not come today.    The above sentence is still raises the question of whether teachers who are overweight or obese andrenya, so the writing should be as follows:Teacher-Andre fat it can not come today. (The teacher fat)Andre rotund teacher can not come today. (Andrenya fat)4. Contribution to the two schools that have been submitted.    The above sentence also raises keambiguitasan whether it is a contribution that the second time, donations were given to the two schools, or donations from two different schools.Therefore, to avoid keambiguitasan sentence above should be written as follows:a. Donations for the second time it has been sent. (If the contribution that both times)b. Donations for the two schools that have been submitted. (If donations to two schools)c. Donations both schools had been shipped. (If two schools are accounted for)     

 CLONCLUSION

       Ambiguous or ambiguity is a form of construction which is interpreted to have more than one meaning. Therefore, the sentence is ambiguous sentence who has a double meaning. Based on the shape, ambiguous sentences are divided into three groups, namely:  Phonetic ambiguity, Grammatical Ambiguity, Lexical Ambiguity.

 REFERENCE

http://kakakpintar.com/berbagai-contoh-kalimat-ambigu-definisi-lengkap/

http://www.kelasindonesia.com/2015/04/pengertian-dan-contoh-kalimat-ambigu-lengkap.html 

DENOTATION,CONNOTATION,AND IMPLICATION

DENOTATION,CONNOTATION,AND IMPLICATION

    Makna denotasi Merupakan makna kata yang sesuai dengan makna yang sebenarnya atau sesuai dengan makna kamus. Contoh : Adik makan nasi. Makan artinya memasukkan sesuatu ke dalam mulut.

   Makna konotasi Merupakan makna kiasan atau makna yang timbul setelah disusun dalam kalimat. Makna konotasi dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu :

1. Konotasi positif merupakan kata yang memiliki makna yang dirasakan baik dan lebih sopan.

 Contoh :

1. Sebagai seorang istri harus pandai menyenangkan suami.

2. Biaya pemakaman para korban bencana alam ditanggung pemerintah setempat.

3. Para wanita tuna susila bekerja akibat tuntutan kebutuhan ekonomi.

4. Tiga pahlawan reformasi telah gugur lima tahun yang lalu. ( Kata “gugur” bermakna mati dalam pertempuran )

 2. Konotasi negatif merupakan kata yang bermakna kasar atau tidak sopan.

  Contoh :

1. Selama meringkuk di penjara, Roy berubah menjadi pendiam. ( Kata penjara bermakna tempat mengurung badan )

2. Masih ada segerombolan orang yang suka menebang demi keuntungan pribadi. (Kata “gerombolan” bermakna kawanan pengacau / perusuh.)

3. Banyak gelandangan tidur di bawah jembatan.

   makna denotation adalah:

•  Kehebatan
•  Perpanjangan
•   Kemenduaan
•  Proposisi dan kebenaran kondisi
•  entailment
•  relativitas linguistik
•  bilangan prima semantik

makna implikasi adalah:

•  Perasaan, sikap
• suasana hati
• tersirat oleh istilah atau frase Set keanggotaan
•  Entitas 
• tindakan atau kualitas di dunia memilih dengan kata-kata atau frase. 

makna konotasi adalah:

•  warna budaya atau emosional subjektif selain 
•  makna eksplisit atau denotatif dari setiap kata tertentu atau frase dalam bahasa.

example :

1.denotasi 

    Adik makan nasi. ( makan artinya memasukkan sesuatu ke dalam mulut )

    Harga kambing hitam itu sangat mahal. ( kambing hitam bermakna kambingg yang memiliki warna hitam )

2. konotasi

  Dalam peristiwa itu, dia dijadikan kambing hitam. (kambing hitam bermakna orang yang dipersalahkan)

  Anak itu berangkat besar ketika ayahnya pergi ke Jepang. ( berangkat bermakna beranjak atau mulai menjadi )

  Bunga desa itu sudah menjadi karyawan bank.(Kata “bunga desa” bermakna sesuatu yang dianggap cantik)

reference

1.  http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~raha/306a_web/F10Files/Entailment-DenotationF10.pdf
2. http://www.slideshare.net/iePiePieP/makna-denotasidankonotasi

EUPHEMISM

 EUPHEMISM

    A euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant. Some euphemisms are intended to amuse; while others use bland, inoffensive terms for things the user wishes to downplay. Euphemisms are used to refer to taboo topics (such as disability, sex, excretion, and death) in a polite way, or to mask profanity.

There are three antonyms of euphemism: dysphemism, cacophemism, and loaded language. Dysphemism can be either offensive or merely ironic; cacophemism is deliberately offensive. Loaded language evokes a visceral response beyond the meaning of the words.

   Euphemism comes from the Greek word εὐφημία (euphemia), meaning "the use of words of good omen", which in turn is derived from the Greek root-words eû (εὖ), "good, well" and phḗmē (φήμη) "prophetic speech; rumour, talk". Etymologically, the eupheme is the opposite of the blaspheme "evil-speaking." The term euphemism itself was used as a euphemism by the ancient Greeks, meaning "to keep a holy silence" (speaking well by not speaking at all).

    Euphemism use ranges from a polite concern for propriety, to attempting to escape responsibility for war crimes. For instance one reason for the comparative scarcity of written evidence documenting the exterminations at Auschwitz (at least given the scale) is "directives for the extermination process obscured in bureaucratic euphemisms."Columnist David Brooks called the euphemisms for torture at Abu Ghraib, Guantánamo and elsewhere an effort to "dull the moral sensibility."

 Euphemisms may be formed in a number of ways. Periphrasis, or circumlocution, is one of the most common: to "speak around" a given word, implying it without saying it. Over time, circumlocutions become recognized as established euphemisms for particular words or ideas.

    To alter the pronunciation or spelling of a taboo word (such as a swear word) to form a euphemism is known as taboo deformation, or "minced oath". In American English, words that are unacceptable on television such as fuck, may be represented by deformations such as freak, even in children's cartoons. Some examples of rhyming slang may serve the same purpose: to call a person a berk sounds less offensive than to call a person a cunt, though berk is short for Berkeley Hunt, which rhymes with cunt.

     Bureaucracies frequently spawn euphemisms of a more deliberate nature, doublespeak expressions. For example, in the past the US military called contamination by radioactive isotopes sunshine units. A practical death sentence in the Soviet Union during the Great Purge often used the clause "imprisonment without right to correspondence:" the person sentenced never had a chance to correspond because soon after imprisonment he would be shot. As early as 1939, Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich used the term Sonderbehandlung (translated into English as "special treatment") to mean summary execution, most likely by hanging, of persons who proved 'disciplinary problems' to the Nazis even before the Nazis began the systematic extermination of the Jews. Heinrich Himmler, aware that the word had come to be known to mean murder, replaced that euphemism with one in which Jews would be "guided" (to their deaths) through the slave-labor and extermination camps after having been "evacuated" to their doom. Such was part of the superficially innocuous formulation Endlösung der Judenfrage (the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question"), which became infamous to the entire world during the Nuremberg Trials.

   A euphemism may often devolve into a taboo word itself, through the linguistic process known as pejoration or semantic change described by W.V.O. Quine, and more recently dubbed the "euphemism treadmill" by Harvard professor Steven Pinker. For instance, Toilet is an 18th-century euphemism, replacing the older euphemism House-of-Office, which in turn replaced the even older euphemisms privy-house or bog-house.In the 20th century, where the words lavatory or toilet were deemed inappropriate (e.g. in the United States), they were sometimes replaced with bathroom or water closet, which in turn became restroom, W.C., or washroom. The word "shit" appears to have originally been a euphemism for defecation in Pre-Germanic, as the Proto-Indo-European root *skined-, from which it was derived, meant to cut off.

    A euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or phrases that otherwise might be considered harsh or unpleasant to hear. Euphemisms are used regularly, and there are many examples in every day language. 

Types of Euphemisms

To Soften an Expression

Some euphemisms are used in order to make a blunt or unpleasant truth seem less harsh.

Examples of euphemisms that fall into this category include:

• Passed away instead of died
• Correctional facility instead of jail
• Departed instead of died
• Differently-abled instead of handicapped or disabled
• Fell off the back of a truck instead of stolen
• Ethnic cleansing instead of genocide
• Turn a trick instead of engage in prostitution
• Negative patient outcome instead of dead
• Relocation center instead of prison camp
• Collateral damage instead of accidental deaths
• Letting someone go instead of firing someone
• Put to sleep instead of euthanize
• Pregnancy termination instead of abortion
• On the streets instead of homeless